Jumat, 20 April 2012

CLASS : REPTILIA ..............SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA ........ FAMILIA : PYTHONIDAE


CLASS : REPTILIA
SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA
FAMILIA : PYTHONIDAE


The Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the Greek word python (πυθων), are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Eight genera and 26 species are currently recognized.
Pythonidae, umumnya dikenal hanya sebagai python, dari kata Yunani python (πυθων), adalah keluarga ular nonvenomous ditemukan di Afrika, Asia dan Australia. Di antara anggotanya adalah beberapa ular terbesar di dunia. Delapan genus dan 26 spesies saat ini yg diakui.
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Geographic range

Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Burma, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.

In the United States, an introduced population of Burmese pythons, Python molurus bivittatus, has existed as an invasive species in the Everglades National Park since the late 1990s.
geografis



Ular ini ditemukan di Afrika sub-Sahara Afrika, India, Burma, Cina selatan, Asia Tenggara dan dari tenggara Filipina melalui Indonesia ke New Guinea dan Australia

Di Amerika Serikat, populasi diperkenalkan
dengan ular Burma, Python molurus bivittatus, yg telah ada sebagai sebuah spesies invasif di Taman Nasional Everglades sejak akhir 1990-an.
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Conservation

Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has decimated some, such as the Indian python, Python molurus.
konservasi

Banyak spesies telah diburu agresif, yang  beberapa
hampir punah, seperti python India, Python molurus.
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Behavior


Most members of this family are ambush predators, in that they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Reports of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia, but are now quite rare.
perilaku


Kebanyakan anggota keluarga ini adalah
penyerang predator, karena mereka biasanya tetap diam dalam posisi yang disamarkan dan kemudian menyerang tiba-tiba mangsanya. Mereka umumnya tidak menyerang manusia kecuali diprovokasi atau terkejut, meskipun ketika betina melindungi telurnya,  mereka dapat menjadi agresif. Laporan serangan pada manusia lebih umum di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara, tapi sekarang cukup langka.
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Feeding

Prey is killed by a process known as constriction; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to asphyxiation. The pressures produced during constriction have recently been suggested to cause cardiac arrest by interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed.

Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are known: some large Asian species have been known to take down adult deer, and the African rock python, Python sebae, has been known to eat antelope. Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from several days or even weeks to fully digest.

Contrary to popular belief, even the larger species, such as the reticulated python, P. reticulatus, do not crush their prey to death; in fact, prey is not even noticeably deformed before it is swallowed. The speed with which the coils are applied is impressive and the force they exert may be significant, but death is caused by suffocation, with the victim not being able to move its ribs to breathe while it is being constricted.
pemberian makanan

pakan  dibunuh oleh proses yang dikenal sebagai penyempitan, setelah mangsa digenggam , sejumlah kumparan buru-buru membungkus di sekitarnya. Kemudian, dengan menerapkan dan memelihara tekanan yang cukup untuk mencegah mangsa menghirup udara, mangsa akhirnya menyerah karena sesak napas. Tekanan yang dihasilkan selama penyempitan menyebabkan serangan jantung dan mengganggu aliran darah mangsa,  tetapi hipotesis ini belum dikonfirmasi.

Spesimen yang lebih besar biasanya memakan hewan seukuran kucing rumah, : beberapa spesies Asia yang besar telah
dikenali memangsadikenal tercatat rusa dewasa, dan   python batu afrika, Python sebae, tercatat makan kijang. mangsa ditelan utuh, dan dapat berlangsung dari beberapa hari atau bahkan berminggu-minggu untuk sepenuhnya dicerna.

Berlawanan dengan kepercayaan populer, bahkan spesies yang lebih besar, seperti python reticulated, P. reticulatus,
tidak menghancurkan mangsanya sampai mati, bahkan, mangsa bahkan tidak terasa cacat sebelum ditelan. Cepatnya kumparan diterapkan sangat mengesankan dan gaya mereka mengerahkan kumparan tenaganya mungkin signifikan, hingga kematian mangsa disebabkan oleh sesak napas,

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Reproduction

Females lay eggs (oviparous). This sets them apart from the family Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young (ovoviviparous). After they lay their eggs, females will typically incubate them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to "shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period, females will not eat and only leave to bask to raise their body temperature.

reproduksi

Betina bertelur . Hal ini membedakan mereka dari keluarga Boidae (Boas), yang sebagian besar ber
anak (Ovoviviparous). Setelah mereka bertelur, betina biasanya akan menetaskan mereka sampai mereka menetas. Hal ini dicapai dengan membuat otot nya untuk "menggigil", yang meningkatkan suhu tubuh pada tingkat tertentu. Menjaga telur pada suhu konstan sangat penting bagi perkembangan embrio yg  sehat. Selama periode inkubasi, betina tidak akan makan dan hanya meninggalkan telur  untuk berjemur yang berguna untuk menaikkan suhu tubuh mereka.
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Genera

-          Antaresia        
-          Wells & Wellington, 1984                             
-          Australia in arid and tropical regions

-          Apodora         
-          Kluge, 1993               
-          Papuan python           
-          Most of New Guinea, from Misool to Fergusson Island

-          Aspidites        
-          Peters, 1877                           
-          Australia except in the south of the country

-          Bothrochilus   
-          Fitzinger, 1843                       
-          Bismark ringed python          
-          The islands of the Bismark Archipelago, including Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (off the southern coast), Duke of York and nearby Mioko, New Ireland and nearby Tatau (off the east coast), the New Hanover Islands and Nissan Island

-          Leiopython     
-          Hubrecht, 1879          
-          D'Albert's water python         
-          Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m), including the islands of Salawati and Biak, Normanby, Mussau, as well as a few islands in the Torres Strait

-          Liasis  
-          Gray, 1842                             
-          Indonesia in the Lesser Sunda Islands, east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia

-          Morelia           
-          Gray, 1842                             
-          From Indonesia in the Maluku Islands, east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in Australia

-          Python
-          Daudin, 1803            
-          Pythons          
-          Africa in the tropics south of the Sahara (not including southern and extreme southwestern Madagascar), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands, Burma, Indochina, southern China, Hong Kong, Hainan, the Malayan region of Indonesia and the Philippines

Genera

Genus [2] takson penulis [2] Spesies [2] * subsp. [2] Nama rentang umum Geografis [1]

        -     Antaresia
-          Wells & Wellington, 1984
-           Australia di daerah kering tropis

-          Apodora
-          Kluge, 1993
-          Papua python
-          Sebagian besar Nugini, dari Misool untuk Fergusson Pulau

-          Aspidites
-          Peters, 1877
-          Australia kecuali di selatan negara itu

-          Bothrochilus
-          Fitzinger, 1843
-          Python Bismark bercincin  
-          Pulau-pulau dari kepulauan Bismark, termasuk Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (lepas pantai selatan), Duke of York dan Mioko dekatnya, Irlandia Baru dan Tataau dekat (lepas pantai timur), yang New Hanover Kepulauan dan Nissan Pulau

-          Leiopython
-          Hubrecht, 1879
-          Python D'Albert's air  
-          Sebagian besar Nugini (di bawah 1200 m), termasuk pulau-pulau Salawati dan Biak, Normanby, Mussau, serta beberapa pulau di Selat Torres

-          Liasis
-          Gray, 1842
-          Indonesia di Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, timur melalui New Guinea dan di bagian utara dan barat Australia

-          Morelia
-           Gray, 1842
-          Dari Indonesia di Kepulauan Maluku, timur melalui Nugini, termasuk kepulauan Bismark dan di Australia

-          Python
-          T Daudin, 1803 7 4
-          python
-          Afrika di selatan tropis di Sahara (tidak termasuk selatan dan barat daya Madagaskar ekstrim), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Kepulauan Nicobar, Birma, Indocina, Cina selatan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Malaya wilayah Indonesia dan Filipina

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Taxonomy

Pythons are more closely related to boas than to any other snake family. Boulenger (1890) considered this group to be a subfamily (Pythoninae) of the family Boidae (boas).
taksonomi

python lebih erat kaitannya dengan Boas daripada dengan keluarga ular lainnya. Boulenger (1890) dianggap kelompok ini menjadi subfamili (Pythoninae) dari keluargaBoidae  (Boas) .
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foto dari berbagai sumber dari google search