Jumat, 27 April 2012

CLASS : REPTILIA .......SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA ......FAMILIA : BOLYERIIDAE




CLASS : REPTILIA
SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA
FAMILIA : BOLYERIIDAE

  Common names: Mauritius snakes, Round Island boas, splitjaw snakes.

The Bolyeriidae are a family of snakes native to Mauritius and a few islands around it, especially Round Island. In the past they also occurred on the island of Mauritius, but were extirpated there due to human influence and foraging pigs in particular. These snakes were formerly placed in the Boidae, but are now classed as a separate family. Currently, two monotypic genera are recognized, but only a single species is extant.
Nama umum: ular Mauritius,  round island Boas, splitjaw ular.

Bolyeriidae adalah keluarga  dari ular asli Mauritius dan beberapa pulau di sekitarnya, terutama Pulau Bundar
/round island. Di masa lalu mereka juga ada di Pulau Mauritius, tetapi extirpated ada karena pengaruh manusia dan babi mencari makan khususnya . Ini ular yang sebelumnya ditempatkan di Boidae, tetapi sekarang digolongkan sebagai keluarga yang terpisah. Saat ini, dua genera monotypic diakui, tetapi hanya satu spesies yang masih ada.
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Geographic range

Found in Mauritius.
geografis

Ditemukan di Mauritius
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Genera
-          Bolyeria               
-          Gray, 1842                          
-          Round Island burrowing boa      
-          Mauritius.


-          Casarea               

-          Gray, 1842                          

-          Round Island ground boa            

-          Mauritius.


Both of these monotypic gena once inhabited Mauritius and/or a number of islands around it. However, Bolyeria hasn't been reported since 1975 and is believed to be extinct, while Casarae is presently known to survive only on Round Island.


genera

        -     Bolyeria
-          Gray, 1842
-          Pulau Bundar
-          Round island burrowing boa
-          Mauritius.




        -     Casarea
-          Gray, 1842  
-          Round island ground boa
-          Mauritius.


Kedua monotypic
gena pernah menghuni Mauritius dan / atau sejumlah pulau di sekitarnya. Namun, Bolyeria belum dilaporkan sejak tahun 1975 dan diyakini telah punah, sementara Casarae saat ini dikenal  bertahan hidup hanya di round island.
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Senin, 23 April 2012

CLASS : REPTILIA ..................SUB ORDO : SAURIA............ FAMILIA : AGAMIDAE




CLASS : REPTILIA
SUB ORDO : SAURIA
FAMILIA : AGAMIDAE
Agamids, lizards of the family Agamidae, include more than 300 species in Africa, Asia, Australia, and a few in Southern Europe. Many species are commonly called dragons or dragon lizards.
Agamids, kadal dari keluarga Agamidae , termasuk lebih dari 300 spesies di Afrika, Asia, Australia, dan beberapa di Eropa Selatan. Banyak spesies yang biasa disebut naga atau kadal naga .
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Overview

Phylogenetically they may be sister to the Iguanidae, and have a similar appearance. Agamids usually have well-developed, strong legs. Their tails cannot be shed and regenerated like those of geckoes, though a certain amount of regeneration is observed in some. Many agamid species are capable of limited change of their colours to regulate their body temperature. In some species, males are more brightly coloured than females[4] and colours play a part in signaling and reproductive behaviours. Although agamids generally inhabit warm environments, ranging from hot deserts to tropical rainforests, at least one species, the Mountain Dragon, is found in cooler regions.

This group of lizards includes some more popularly known, such as the domesticated bearded dragon and the uromastyx.

One of the key distinguishing features of the agamids is their teeth, which are borne on the outer rim of the mouth (acrodont), rather than on the inner side of the jaws (pleurodont). This feature is shared with the chameleons, but is otherwise unusual among lizards. Agamid lizards are generally diurnal, with good vision, and include a number of arboreal species, in addition to ground and rock-dwellers. They generally feed on insects and other arthropods (such as spiders), although some larger species may include small reptiles or mammals, nestling birds, flowers or other vegetable matter in their diets.The great majority of agamid species are oviparous.
Tinjauan

Filogenetis mereka mungkin
bersaudara ke Iguanidae, dan memiliki penampilan yang serupa. Agamids biasanya memiliki perkembangan baik, kaki yang kuat. Ekor mereka tidak dapat mengalihkan dan regenerasi seperti yang tokek, meskipun sejumlah regenerasi diamati dalam beberapa . Spesies agamid Banyak mampu merubah secara terbatas warna mereka untuk mengatur suhu tubuh mereka.  Dalam beberapa spesies, laki-laki lebih berwarna cerah daripada perempuan  dan warna berperan dalam pensinyalan dan perilaku reproduksi.  Meskipun agamids umumnya mendiami lingkungan yang hangat, mulai dari gurun panas untuk hutan hujan tropis, setidaknya satu spesies, naga Gunung , ditemukan di daerah dingin.

Kelompok ini mencakup beberapa kadal lebih dikenal, seperti naga berjenggot
/ bearded dragon dan uromastyx tersebut.

Salah satu fitur yang membedakan kunci dari agamids adalah gigi mereka, yang
terletak  pada tepi luar mulut (acrodont), bukan di sisi bagian dalam rahang (pleurodont). Fitur ini digunakan bersama-sama dengan bunglon, namun ini tidak biasa di antara kadal. Kadal Agamid umumnya diurnal, dengan visi yang baik, dan termasuk sejumlah spesies arboreal, selain tanah dan penghuni batu-batu an. Mereka umumnya memakan serangga dan arthropoda lainnya (seperti laba-laba), meskipun beberapa spesies yang lebih besar mungkin termasuk reptil kecil atau mamalia, burung meringkuk/nestling bird, bunga atau bahan nabati lainnya dalam makanan mereka. Sebagian besar spesies agamid bertelur.
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Systematics and distribution


There have been very few studies of the Agamidae. The first comprehensive assessment was by Moody (1980)followed by a more inclusive assessment by Frost and Etheridge (1989).Subsequent studies were based on mitochondrial DNA loci by Macey et al. (2000) and Honda et al. (2000) and also by sampling across the Agamidae by Joger (1991).Few other studies focused on clades within the family, but the Agamidae have not been as well investigated as the Iguanidae.

The agamids show a curious distribution. They are found over much of the Old World, including continental Africa, Australia, Southern Asia and sparsely in warmer regions of Europe. They are however absent from Madagascar and from the New World. The distribution is the opposite of that of the iguanids, who are found in just these areas but absent in areas where agamids are found. A similar faunal divide is found in between the boas and pythons.[citation needed]
Sistematika dan distribusi


Ada penelitian sangat sedikit dari Agamidae. Penilaian komprehensif pertama adalah oleh Moody (1980)  diikuti dengan penilaian yang lebih inklusif oleh Frost dan Etheridge (1989) Studi selanjutnya didasarkan pada lokus DNA mitokondria oleh Macey dkk. (2000) dan Honda dkk. (2000)  dan juga dengan sampling di seluruh Agamidae oleh Joger (1991)  Beberapa penelitian lain difokuskan pada clades dalam keluarga, tetapi Agamidae
belum juga diselidiki seperti  Iguanidae.

 agamids menunjukkan distribusi
aneh. Mereka ditemukan lebih banyak dari Dunia Lama, termasuk benua Afrika, Australia, Asia Selatan dan jarang di daerah lebih hangat di Eropa. Namun mereka absen dari Madagaskar dan dari Dunia Baru. Distribusi adalah kebalikan dari  iguanids, yang ditemukan hanya dalam tempat-tempat tertentu  tetapi tidak ada di daerah di mana agamids ditemukan. Sebagian ditemukan ditemukan di antara Boas dan ular. [Rujukan?]

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Subfamilies

Among the Agamidae, six subfamilies are generally recognized:[verification needed]

    * Agaminae (Africa, Asia and Australia)
    * Amphibolurinae (Australia and New Guinea)
    * Draconinae (South and Southeast Asia)
    * Hydrosaurinae (Hydrosaurus, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Indonesia)
    * Leiolepidinae (Leiolepis, Southeast Asia)
    * Uromasticinae (Saara and Uromastyx, Africa and south Asia)

The chameleons of the sister family Chamaeleonidae are sometimes discussed as subfamily Chamaeleoninae and subfamily Agaminae (referring to Agamidae, not the Agaminae mentioned above).[citation needed]

subfamilies

Di antara Agamidae, enam subfamilies umumnya diakui:  [verifikasi diperlukan]

     * Agaminae (Afrika, Asia dan Australia)
     * Amphibolurinae (Australia dan New Guinea)
     * Draconinae (Asia Selatan dan Tenggara)
     * Hydrosaurinae (Hydrosaurus, Papua Nugini, Filipina, dan Indonesia)
     * Leiolepidinae (Leiolepis, Asia Tenggara)
     * Uromasticinae (Saara dan Uromastyx, Afrika dan Asia Selatan)

bunglon
sebagai keluarga saudara Chamaeleonidae kadang-kadang dibahas sebagai subfamily Chamaeleoninae dan subfamily Agaminae
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Jumat, 20 April 2012

CLASS : REPTILIA ..............SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA ........ FAMILIA : PYTHONIDAE


CLASS : REPTILIA
SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA
FAMILIA : PYTHONIDAE


The Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the Greek word python (πυθων), are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Eight genera and 26 species are currently recognized.
Pythonidae, umumnya dikenal hanya sebagai python, dari kata Yunani python (πυθων), adalah keluarga ular nonvenomous ditemukan di Afrika, Asia dan Australia. Di antara anggotanya adalah beberapa ular terbesar di dunia. Delapan genus dan 26 spesies saat ini yg diakui.
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Geographic range

Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Burma, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.

In the United States, an introduced population of Burmese pythons, Python molurus bivittatus, has existed as an invasive species in the Everglades National Park since the late 1990s.
geografis



Ular ini ditemukan di Afrika sub-Sahara Afrika, India, Burma, Cina selatan, Asia Tenggara dan dari tenggara Filipina melalui Indonesia ke New Guinea dan Australia

Di Amerika Serikat, populasi diperkenalkan
dengan ular Burma, Python molurus bivittatus, yg telah ada sebagai sebuah spesies invasif di Taman Nasional Everglades sejak akhir 1990-an.
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Conservation

Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has decimated some, such as the Indian python, Python molurus.
konservasi

Banyak spesies telah diburu agresif, yang  beberapa
hampir punah, seperti python India, Python molurus.
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Behavior


Most members of this family are ambush predators, in that they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Reports of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia, but are now quite rare.
perilaku


Kebanyakan anggota keluarga ini adalah
penyerang predator, karena mereka biasanya tetap diam dalam posisi yang disamarkan dan kemudian menyerang tiba-tiba mangsanya. Mereka umumnya tidak menyerang manusia kecuali diprovokasi atau terkejut, meskipun ketika betina melindungi telurnya,  mereka dapat menjadi agresif. Laporan serangan pada manusia lebih umum di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara, tapi sekarang cukup langka.
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Feeding

Prey is killed by a process known as constriction; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to asphyxiation. The pressures produced during constriction have recently been suggested to cause cardiac arrest by interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed.

Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are known: some large Asian species have been known to take down adult deer, and the African rock python, Python sebae, has been known to eat antelope. Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from several days or even weeks to fully digest.

Contrary to popular belief, even the larger species, such as the reticulated python, P. reticulatus, do not crush their prey to death; in fact, prey is not even noticeably deformed before it is swallowed. The speed with which the coils are applied is impressive and the force they exert may be significant, but death is caused by suffocation, with the victim not being able to move its ribs to breathe while it is being constricted.
pemberian makanan

pakan  dibunuh oleh proses yang dikenal sebagai penyempitan, setelah mangsa digenggam , sejumlah kumparan buru-buru membungkus di sekitarnya. Kemudian, dengan menerapkan dan memelihara tekanan yang cukup untuk mencegah mangsa menghirup udara, mangsa akhirnya menyerah karena sesak napas. Tekanan yang dihasilkan selama penyempitan menyebabkan serangan jantung dan mengganggu aliran darah mangsa,  tetapi hipotesis ini belum dikonfirmasi.

Spesimen yang lebih besar biasanya memakan hewan seukuran kucing rumah, : beberapa spesies Asia yang besar telah
dikenali memangsadikenal tercatat rusa dewasa, dan   python batu afrika, Python sebae, tercatat makan kijang. mangsa ditelan utuh, dan dapat berlangsung dari beberapa hari atau bahkan berminggu-minggu untuk sepenuhnya dicerna.

Berlawanan dengan kepercayaan populer, bahkan spesies yang lebih besar, seperti python reticulated, P. reticulatus,
tidak menghancurkan mangsanya sampai mati, bahkan, mangsa bahkan tidak terasa cacat sebelum ditelan. Cepatnya kumparan diterapkan sangat mengesankan dan gaya mereka mengerahkan kumparan tenaganya mungkin signifikan, hingga kematian mangsa disebabkan oleh sesak napas,

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Reproduction

Females lay eggs (oviparous). This sets them apart from the family Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young (ovoviviparous). After they lay their eggs, females will typically incubate them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to "shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period, females will not eat and only leave to bask to raise their body temperature.

reproduksi

Betina bertelur . Hal ini membedakan mereka dari keluarga Boidae (Boas), yang sebagian besar ber
anak (Ovoviviparous). Setelah mereka bertelur, betina biasanya akan menetaskan mereka sampai mereka menetas. Hal ini dicapai dengan membuat otot nya untuk "menggigil", yang meningkatkan suhu tubuh pada tingkat tertentu. Menjaga telur pada suhu konstan sangat penting bagi perkembangan embrio yg  sehat. Selama periode inkubasi, betina tidak akan makan dan hanya meninggalkan telur  untuk berjemur yang berguna untuk menaikkan suhu tubuh mereka.
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Genera

-          Antaresia        
-          Wells & Wellington, 1984                             
-          Australia in arid and tropical regions

-          Apodora         
-          Kluge, 1993               
-          Papuan python           
-          Most of New Guinea, from Misool to Fergusson Island

-          Aspidites        
-          Peters, 1877                           
-          Australia except in the south of the country

-          Bothrochilus   
-          Fitzinger, 1843                       
-          Bismark ringed python          
-          The islands of the Bismark Archipelago, including Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (off the southern coast), Duke of York and nearby Mioko, New Ireland and nearby Tatau (off the east coast), the New Hanover Islands and Nissan Island

-          Leiopython     
-          Hubrecht, 1879          
-          D'Albert's water python         
-          Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m), including the islands of Salawati and Biak, Normanby, Mussau, as well as a few islands in the Torres Strait

-          Liasis  
-          Gray, 1842                             
-          Indonesia in the Lesser Sunda Islands, east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia

-          Morelia           
-          Gray, 1842                             
-          From Indonesia in the Maluku Islands, east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in Australia

-          Python
-          Daudin, 1803            
-          Pythons          
-          Africa in the tropics south of the Sahara (not including southern and extreme southwestern Madagascar), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands, Burma, Indochina, southern China, Hong Kong, Hainan, the Malayan region of Indonesia and the Philippines

Genera

Genus [2] takson penulis [2] Spesies [2] * subsp. [2] Nama rentang umum Geografis [1]

        -     Antaresia
-          Wells & Wellington, 1984
-           Australia di daerah kering tropis

-          Apodora
-          Kluge, 1993
-          Papua python
-          Sebagian besar Nugini, dari Misool untuk Fergusson Pulau

-          Aspidites
-          Peters, 1877
-          Australia kecuali di selatan negara itu

-          Bothrochilus
-          Fitzinger, 1843
-          Python Bismark bercincin  
-          Pulau-pulau dari kepulauan Bismark, termasuk Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (lepas pantai selatan), Duke of York dan Mioko dekatnya, Irlandia Baru dan Tataau dekat (lepas pantai timur), yang New Hanover Kepulauan dan Nissan Pulau

-          Leiopython
-          Hubrecht, 1879
-          Python D'Albert's air  
-          Sebagian besar Nugini (di bawah 1200 m), termasuk pulau-pulau Salawati dan Biak, Normanby, Mussau, serta beberapa pulau di Selat Torres

-          Liasis
-          Gray, 1842
-          Indonesia di Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, timur melalui New Guinea dan di bagian utara dan barat Australia

-          Morelia
-           Gray, 1842
-          Dari Indonesia di Kepulauan Maluku, timur melalui Nugini, termasuk kepulauan Bismark dan di Australia

-          Python
-          T Daudin, 1803 7 4
-          python
-          Afrika di selatan tropis di Sahara (tidak termasuk selatan dan barat daya Madagaskar ekstrim), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Kepulauan Nicobar, Birma, Indocina, Cina selatan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Malaya wilayah Indonesia dan Filipina

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Taxonomy

Pythons are more closely related to boas than to any other snake family. Boulenger (1890) considered this group to be a subfamily (Pythoninae) of the family Boidae (boas).
taksonomi

python lebih erat kaitannya dengan Boas daripada dengan keluarga ular lainnya. Boulenger (1890) dianggap kelompok ini menjadi subfamili (Pythoninae) dari keluargaBoidae  (Boas) .
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