CLASS : REPTILIA
SUB ORDO : OPHIDIA
FAMILIA : PYTHONIDAE
The Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the
Greek word python (πυθων), are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa,
Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the
world. Eight genera and 26 species are currently recognized.
Pythonidae, umumnya dikenal hanya
sebagai python, dari kata Yunani python (πυθων),
adalah keluarga ular nonvenomous ditemukan di Afrika, Asia dan Australia. Di antara anggotanya adalah beberapa ular terbesar di dunia.
Delapan genus dan
26 spesies saat ini yg diakui.
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Geographic range
Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Burma,
southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through
Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.
In the United States, an introduced population of Burmese
pythons, Python molurus bivittatus, has existed as an invasive species in the
Everglades National Park since the late 1990s.
geografis
Ular ini ditemukan di Afrika sub-Sahara Afrika, India,
Burma, Cina selatan, Asia Tenggara dan dari
tenggara Filipina melalui
Indonesia ke New Guinea dan Australia
Di Amerika Serikat, populasi diperkenalkan dengan ular Burma, Python molurus bivittatus, yg telah ada sebagai sebuah spesies
invasif di Taman Nasional
Everglades sejak akhir
1990-an.
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Conservation
Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has
decimated some, such as the Indian python, Python molurus.
konservasi
Banyak spesies telah diburu agresif, yang beberapa hampir punah, seperti python India, Python molurus.
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Behavior
Most members of this family are ambush predators, in that
they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike
suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled
or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Reports
of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia,
but are now quite rare.
perilaku
Kebanyakan anggota keluarga ini adalah penyerang predator, karena mereka biasanya tetap diam dalam posisi yang disamarkan dan kemudian menyerang tiba-tiba mangsanya. Mereka
umumnya tidak menyerang manusia kecuali diprovokasi atau
terkejut, meskipun ketika betina melindungi telurnya, mereka dapat menjadi agresif. Laporan serangan pada manusia lebih umum di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara, tapi
sekarang cukup langka.
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Feeding
Prey is killed by a process known as constriction; after an
animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped
around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it
from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to asphyxiation. The pressures produced
during constriction have recently been suggested to cause cardiac arrest by
interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed.
Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a
house cat, but larger food items are known: some large Asian species have been
known to take down adult deer, and the African rock python, Python sebae, has
been known to eat antelope. Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from
several days or even weeks to fully digest.
Contrary to popular belief, even the larger species, such as
the reticulated python, P. reticulatus, do not crush their prey to death; in
fact, prey is not even noticeably deformed before it is swallowed. The speed
with which the coils are applied is impressive and the force they exert may be
significant, but death is caused by suffocation, with the victim not being able
to move its ribs to breathe while it is being constricted.
pemberian
makanan
pakan dibunuh oleh proses yang dikenal sebagai
penyempitan, setelah mangsa digenggam , sejumlah kumparan
buru-buru membungkus di sekitarnya. Kemudian, dengan menerapkan dan memelihara
tekanan yang cukup untuk mencegah mangsa menghirup udara, mangsa akhirnya menyerah karena sesak napas. Tekanan
yang dihasilkan selama penyempitan menyebabkan serangan jantung dan mengganggu aliran darah mangsa, tetapi hipotesis ini belum dikonfirmasi.
Spesimen yang lebih besar biasanya memakan hewan seukuran kucing rumah, :
beberapa spesies Asia yang besar telah dikenali
memangsadikenal tercatat rusa dewasa, dan python
batu afrika, Python sebae,
tercatat makan kijang. mangsa ditelan utuh, dan dapat berlangsung dari beberapa hari
atau bahkan berminggu-minggu untuk sepenuhnya dicerna.
Berlawanan dengan kepercayaan populer, bahkan spesies yang lebih besar, seperti
python reticulated, P. reticulatus, tidak
menghancurkan
mangsanya sampai mati, bahkan, mangsa bahkan tidak terasa cacat sebelum
ditelan. Cepatnya kumparan diterapkan sangat mengesankan dan gaya mereka
mengerahkan kumparan tenaganya mungkin signifikan,
hingga kematian mangsa
disebabkan oleh
sesak napas,
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Reproduction
Females lay eggs (oviparous). This
sets them apart from the family Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young
(ovoviviparous). After they lay their eggs, females will typically incubate
them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to
"shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain
degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature
is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period,
females will not eat and only leave to bask to raise their body temperature.
reproduksi
Betina bertelur . Hal ini membedakan mereka dari keluarga Boidae (Boas),
yang sebagian besar beranak (Ovoviviparous). Setelah
mereka bertelur, betina biasanya
akan menetaskan mereka sampai
mereka menetas. Hal ini dicapai
dengan membuat otot nya untuk "menggigil",
yang meningkatkan suhu tubuh pada tingkat tertentu. Menjaga telur pada
suhu konstan sangat penting bagi perkembangan embrio yg sehat. Selama
periode inkubasi, betina tidak akan makan dan hanya meninggalkan telur untuk berjemur yang berguna untuk menaikkan suhu tubuh mereka.
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Genera
-
Antaresia
-
Wells & Wellington, 1984
-
Australia in arid and tropical
regions
-
Apodora
-
Kluge, 1993
-
Papuan python
-
Most of New Guinea, from Misool to
Fergusson Island
-
Aspidites
-
Peters, 1877
-
Australia except in the south of the
country
-
Bothrochilus
-
Fitzinger, 1843
-
Bismark ringed python
-
The islands of the Bismark
Archipelago, including Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (off the southern coast),
Duke of York and nearby Mioko, New Ireland and nearby Tatau (off the east
coast), the New Hanover Islands and Nissan Island
-
Leiopython
-
Hubrecht, 1879
-
D'Albert's water python
-
Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m),
including the islands of Salawati and Biak, Normanby, Mussau, as well as a few
islands in the Torres Strait
-
Liasis
-
Gray, 1842
-
Indonesia in the Lesser Sunda
Islands, east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia
-
Morelia
-
Gray, 1842
-
From Indonesia in the Maluku
Islands, east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in
Australia
-
Python
-
Daudin, 1803
-
Pythons
-
Africa in the tropics south of the
Sahara (not including southern and extreme southwestern Madagascar),
Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands, Burma, Indochina,
southern China, Hong Kong, Hainan, the Malayan region of Indonesia and the
Philippines
Genera
Genus [2] takson
penulis [2] Spesies
[2] * subsp.
[2] Nama rentang
umum Geografis [1]
- Antaresia
-
Wells & Wellington, 1984
-
Australia di daerah kering tropis
-
Apodora
-
Kluge, 1993
-
Papua python
-
Sebagian besar Nugini, dari Misool untuk Fergusson
Pulau
-
Aspidites
-
Peters, 1877
-
Australia kecuali di selatan negara itu
-
Bothrochilus
-
Fitzinger, 1843
-
Python Bismark bercincin
-
Pulau-pulau dari kepulauan
Bismark, termasuk Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (lepas
pantai selatan), Duke of York dan Mioko dekatnya,
Irlandia Baru dan Tataau dekat (lepas pantai timur), yang
New Hanover Kepulauan
dan Nissan Pulau
-
Leiopython
-
Hubrecht, 1879
-
Python D'Albert's air
-
Sebagian besar Nugini (di
bawah 1200 m), termasuk pulau-pulau
Salawati dan Biak,
Normanby, Mussau, serta beberapa pulau di Selat Torres
-
Liasis
-
Gray, 1842
-
Indonesia di Kepulauan Sunda Kecil, timur melalui New Guinea dan di bagian utara dan barat Australia
-
Morelia
-
Gray, 1842
-
Dari Indonesia di Kepulauan Maluku, timur melalui Nugini,
termasuk kepulauan Bismark dan di Australia
-
Python
-
T Daudin,
1803 7 4
-
python
-
Afrika di selatan tropis di Sahara (tidak
termasuk selatan dan barat daya
Madagaskar ekstrim), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Kepulauan Nicobar, Birma, Indocina, Cina selatan, Hong Kong, Hainan, Malaya wilayah
Indonesia dan Filipina
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Taxonomy
Pythons are more closely related to
boas than to any other snake family. Boulenger (1890) considered this group to
be a subfamily (Pythoninae) of the family Boidae (boas).
taksonomi
python lebih erat kaitannya dengan Boas daripada dengan keluarga ular lainnya. Boulenger
(1890) dianggap kelompok
ini menjadi subfamili (Pythoninae) dari keluargaBoidae (Boas) .
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